KB SCHOLARS JOURNAL OF LAW [e-ISSN 3027-2440]
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publisher: ISSN 3027-2440 / Published by KB Scholars Publication Ltd, Nigeria
language: en
publication name: KB SCHOLARS JOURNAL OF LAW [e-ISSN 3027-2440]
issn: 3027-2440
items: DEVELOPING ‘CORE PRINCIPLES AND PRESCRIPTIONS’ ESTABLISHED IN ODR UNDER THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM IN THE NIGERIAN LEGAL REGIME
items: THE EFFICACY OF ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA
items: THE IMPERATIVES OF FRAMEWORK REFORM IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY OF NIGERIA
items: AN APPRAISAL OF SOME FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF MENTALLY-ILL PERSONS IN NIGERIA
items: PROTECTING CIVILIANS DURING CONDUCT OF HOSTILITIES IN URBAN AND CYBER WARFARES
items: The Evolution of Gas Development and Utilization in Nigeria
items: ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AIDING CRIME IN URBANAREAS IN NIGERIA: A JURISPRUDENCIAL ANALYSIS
items: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS ON THE CONDUCT OF HOSTILITIES AND CIVILIAN HARM MITIGATION UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW
items: CONTEMPORARY USE OF FORCE IN THE SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW
items: REVISITING CORPORATE LEGAL PERSONHOOD IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
items: EVALUATING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE FACE OF ‘DEVELOPING CRITICAL VOICE IN LEGISLATION AND LEGAL PRINCIPLES’
items: AN APPRAISAL OF THE LAND USE ACT AND LAND ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA BETWEEN 1978 AND 2024
items: ELECTORAL OFFENCES AND ENFORCEMENT OF ATTENDANT SANCTIONS IN NIGERIA
items: REFLECTIONS ON PROVOCATION AS SPECIE OF DEFENCE TO CRIMINAL LIABILITY IN NIGERIA
items: AN INVENTORY ON THE ROLE AND CHALLENGES OF THE EFCC IN THE FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION IN NIGERIA
items: URISTIC OVERVIEW OF THE COMMITTEE SYSTEM IN LEGISLATIVE PROCESS UNDER THE 1999 NIGERIAN CONSTITUTION
items: EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF RELIGION ON ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY IN NIGERIA
items: CHALLENGES TO THE ‘COMMITTEE SYSTEM’ UNDER THE NIGERIAN PRESIDENTIAL AND BRITISH PARLIAMENTARY CONSTITUTIONS
items: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF PLEA BARGAIN IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
items: SOCIO-POLITICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ELEMENTS THAT VITIATE INDUSTRIAL OIL SPILLAGE AND POLLUTION MANAGEMENT SCHEME IN NIGERIA
items: REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AS SPECIE OF HUMAN RIGHT IN INTERNATIONAL LAW
items: LEGAL THRESHOLD IN THE BRAKING OF THE CARBON CURVE TO EFFECTIVE VEHICLE EMISSION REGULATION IN NIGERIA
items: LEGAL, ADMINISTRATIVE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGES IN REGULATION OF LAND USE RIGHT IN NIGERIA
items: LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF PLEA BARGAIN IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN NIGERIA
items: THE ROLE OF VOLUNTARY CONSUMERS ASSOCIATIONS IN THE ENFORCEMENT OF CONSUMER PROTECTION LAWS IN NIGERIA
items: THE NEED FOR REFORMS ASSOCIATED WITH PROBLEMS IN DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE UNDER THE NIGERIAN MARRIAGE ACT
items: ESTABLISHING LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON INTERNAL DEMOCRACY IN POLITICAL PARTIES IN NIGERIA
items: QUEST FOR THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF A CONVICT IN CRIMINAL CAUSES INVOLVING DEATH PENALTY IN NIGERIA
items: UTILIZING LEGISLATIVE INTERVENTION TO PROMOTE ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY IN NIGERIA
items: RESOLUTION OF BOUNDARY AND NAME DISPUTES UNDER THE UN CONVENTION ON LAW OF THE SEA

DEVELOPING ‘CORE PRINCIPLES AND PRESCRIPTIONS’ ESTABLISHED IN ODR UNDER THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM IN THE NIGERIAN LEGAL REGIME
type: item
description: Online Dispute Resolution is increasingly being recognized as an important tool for enhancing access to justice in the subsisting digital economic era. As a matter of fact, there is need to analysis the principles and prescriptions of the UN Technical Notes on ODR, the guidelines and resolutions, and consequently but possibly, the identify best practices that may be adopted and adapted for the development of an ODR system in Nigeria’s evolving digital dispute resolution landscape. As ODR begins to make a gradual but steady appearance in the Nigerian digital economic regime as well as dispute resolution space, significant legal and infrastructural challenges remain. Against this background, the paper examined the core principles and prescriptions for a legal framework on ODR under the United Nations (UN) system, highlighting key principles such as impartiality, independence, efficiency and effectiveness amongst others. The authors by drawing lessons from the principles embodied in the UN Technical Notes on ODR, recommends that Nigeria should develop a comprehensive ODR legislation which embodies certain core principles, invest in digital infrastructure, and ensure enforcement of ODR outcomes. The authors therefore maintained that these steps are essential for Nigeria to harness the benefits of ODR in promoting efficient, cost-effective, and inclusive dispute resolution in an increasingly digital society.
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: online dispute resolution
  topic: keywords
subject: international trade law
  topic: keywords
subject: legal reform
  topic: keywords
subject: access to justice
  topic: keywords
subject: technical notes on ODR
  topic: keywords
creator: Uwakwe Abugu
creator: Maureen Stanley-Idum
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2026-04-06
publication date: 2026-04-06
doi: 10.5281/4011kw46

THE EFFICACY OF ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA
type: item
description: The term Conflict refers to dispute between two or more persons. In most cases, such conflicts are resolved by the Conventional Courts in Nigeria. This method of resolution of conflicts however, has been criticized by scholars for inefficiency and high cost in the process of settling of disputes. Consequently, to remedy these challenges, other processes involving Arbitration, Mediation, Conciliation and Negotiation was introduced to lift the burden of slow adjudication of cases at the conventional courts through its flexible method of settlement of disputes. Thus, the adoption of these mechanisms necessitates faster and cheaper means of dispensing justice in Nigeria and in Africa. Against this background, the authors argued the need to analyse successes recorded by ADR in resolving conflicts in line with the UN peace Charter adopted under the Nigeria law. The paper further demonstrated the challenges of ADR in its implementation and enforcement in resolving conflicts. The authors therefore maintained the importance of ADR in decongesting courts through its inherent flexibility. The authors concluded with a recommendation emphasizing public awareness in resolving disputes in Nigeria. This study adopts a doctrinal methodology by relying on quantitative analysis of primary and secondary sources such as statutes and international frameworks as well as treaties appertaining on alternative dispute resolutions.
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: mediation
  topic: keywords
subject: arbitration
  topic: keywords
subject: negotiation
  topic: keywords
subject: conciliation
  topic: keywords
subject: decongestion of courts
  topic: keywords
creator: Ogholaja Edebharia Olayemi
creator: Oritsegbemi Patricia Edema
creator: Samuel Ugbo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2026-04-06
publication date: 2026-04-06
doi: 10.5281/z8vj0622

THE IMPERATIVES OF FRAMEWORK REFORM IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY OF NIGERIA
type: item
description: Developments in Information and Communication Technology, increasing mobile telephony and internet penetration, and the emergence of new technologies such as Artificial Intelligence and block-chain have radically revolutionized the manner of transacting businesses and providing services in Nigeria. E-commerce, digital payment platforms and online services are rapidly displacing traditional commerce and traditional payment systems. Digital technologies have introduced diverse innovations and have obliterated, albeit, borders imposed on commerce under the traditional economic system, but has expanded the Nigerian economy, enhanced transactional efficiency, and created opportunities for employment and digital skills development. At the same time, these innovations have precipitated new legal challenges that seem to have outpaced extant law, making legal reform a desideratum. The paper therefore, critically examined the holistic ramifications of the subsisting digital economy in Nigeria as well as analyzed gaps in extant law capable of undermining the effectiveness of e-commerce, erode confidence in digital payment systems, and expose the digital economy and players therein to legal uncertainties, abuse, fraud, and privacy breaches. The authors further argued that given the hurried pace of development in the Nigerian digital economy ecosystem, certainty and currency in the law are necessary for enhancing confidence, minimizing disputes and ensuring legal predictability. The paper concluded with prescriptions for legal reforms for filling identified blanks in the law and for strengthening the Nigerian economy for growth and development.
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: Digital payment system
  topic: keywords
subject: economy
  topic: keywords
subject: innovation
  topic: keywords
subject: e-commerce
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
creator: Vincent Iwunze
creator: Efiong Osung
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2026-04-06
publication date: 2026-04-06
doi: 10.5281/j5gn1f56

AN APPRAISAL OF SOME FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF MENTALLY-ILL PERSONS IN NIGERIA
type: item
description: Mental health issues are usually demographic free and not subject to any geographical boundaries. From East to West as well as North and South, both in developed and developing nations, cases of mental and behavioural disorders abound. There is need to analyse some fundamental rights of the mentally ill in Nigeria. The paper highlighted some of these rights to include, employment, leading to mental health services, equality, and standard treatment, privacy and dignity, confidentiality, legal representative, right to refuse or accept treatment, consent to treatment, among others. Against this background, the author argued the inherent rights contained in both the 1999 Constitution (as amended) and the extant National Mental Act, 2023, actually providing for and could be utilised and applied to accommodate the perceived rights of the mentally-ill. The author therefore maintained on the need for consent to treatment. The paper therefore concluded that an aspect of these rights that has not gained adequate attention in Nigeria is rehabilitation of the mentally-ill after treatment. The paper therefore recommends that government at all levels in Nigeria should make adequate arrangements for rehabilitation after treatment as it obtains in developed societies the world over.
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: medical consent
  topic: keywords
subject: fundamental rights
  topic: keywords
subject: mentally-ill
  topic: keywords
subject: incompetent person
  topic: keywords
subject: battery
  topic: keywords
creator: Augustine U. Amadasun
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2026-04-06
publication date: 2026-04-06
doi: 10.5281/dc0xjt52

PROTECTING CIVILIANS DURING CONDUCT OF HOSTILITIES IN URBAN AND CYBER WARFARES
type: item
description: Urban warfare is not a new method of warfare. Many cities have featured as a stage for violence since humans began building them. Similarly, the regime of cyber-attacks has been added to this trend of urban warfare. Consequent on the above, the paper examined the protection given to civilians in urban warfare as well as against digital threats. The paper argued that the major challenges in protecting civilians against the impact of war in cities is hinged on the lack of observance and obedience to the core tents of IHL, inclusive of lack of adherence to the principles of distinction, proportionality and precautions which results in incidental loss of lives and infrastructure belonging to civilians. The authors therefore maintained that it may be difficult in contemporary armed conflicts in cities to strictly adhere to the core tenets of IHL as civilian infrastructures are located closely or near military objectives. This distinction is also difficult to achieve in cyber operations, for instance, the lack of adherence to the rules in selecting means and methods of warfare redounds to devastating impacts on civilians as weapons that are indiscriminate are deployed without subjecting them to Article 36 API procedures. The paper then recommends the training of the members of the armed forces and the adoption of the rules of engagement in national legislations to be incorporated into the military manuals of the armed forces or the codes of conduct of armed groups. The paper therefore concluded that all parties to the conflict must remember that armed conflicts have limits and must endeavour to adhere to the rules of IHL and States should prosecute and punish persons who disregard the rules and target civilians or civilian objects as this is a crucial aspect of their due diligence obligation.
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: urban warfare
  topic: keywords
subject: cyber attack
  topic: keywords
subject: distinction
  topic: keywords
subject: proportionality
  topic: keywords
subject: precaution
  topic: keywords
creator: Theresa Uzoamaka Akpoghome
creator: Nkechinyere Huomachi Worluh-Okolie
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2026-04-06
publication date: 2026-04-06
doi: 10.5281/nbbe4p36

The Evolution of Gas Development and Utilization in Nigeria
type: item
description: Nigeria is endowed with abundant natural gas resources, which in energy terms, is in excess of the nations’ proven crude oil reserve. Gas was discovered while searching for crude oil, as no deliberate effort was made to search for natural gas then. The reserved estimate of the Nigerian gas is over 120 trillion cubic feet, with about 50/50 distribution ratio between Associated Gas (AG) and Non Associated Gas (NAG). On an energy equivalent basis, Nigeria's natural gas reserve is three times her oil reserve. Nigeria's gas reserve estimated at 182 TCF (trillion cubic feet) with a projected growth rate of over 70% by 2023, has proven to possess the potential of being a key player in the emergent Global Natural Gas Market. A substantial portion of the gas produced is flared while a minute part is re-injected into the system and utilized. There is a subsisting Gas Master Plan to promote investment in pipeline infrastructure and new gas-fired ‘power plants’ to help reduce gas flaring and provide more gas. The gas master plan also seeks to eliminate the wasteful practice of gas flaring in the short term, but in any case make gas available at commercial and affordable prices to local markets as well as reflect its full economic value; allow for the widespread distribution of gas, LPGs, or even CNG to more remote areas, regionally and internationally; formulate a strategy that adds value for all parties and encourage beneficial gas usage both domestically and/or through capture and, where relevant, savings of foreign exchange. The PIA intends to harness the gas potential of the Country by encouraging investments in the gas space of the hydrocarbon sector. It is against this background that the paper evaluated the evolution of gas development and utilization in Nigeria with respect to the Nigerian Gas Master plan and the gas development and utilization measures. The authors therefore concluded that the proper exploitation and exploration of gas, barring any other odds, could be…
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: Gas
  topic: keywords
subject: Hydrocarbon
  topic: keywords
subject: Global
  topic: keywords
subject: Market
  topic: keywords
subject: Industry
  topic: keywords
creator: Agbunase Charity Areremi
creator: Prof. Emaviwe Charity
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2026-02-26
publication date: 2026-02-26
doi: 10.5281/tvrgy345

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AIDING CRIME IN URBANAREAS IN NIGERIA: A JURISPRUDENCIAL ANALYSIS
type: item
description: This paper examined the environmental factors contributing to criminal activities in urban areas in Nigeria. The investigation proceeded from the view that crime is one of the human security problems, which confronted humanity across the globe, a menace which is bedevilling developed and developing countries alike. The paper argued that the nature of crime has been a criminal activity that has the potential to cause significant physical, financial and material losses to victims. Consequent on this, the paper outlined the drivers of urban criminality as relative deprivation, life expectancy, economic inequality, educational attainment, social and economic development and loss in human development potential. The authors asserted that the associated environmental factors of urban criminality such as poverty, unemployment, corruption, urbanisation, family, moral decadence, poor education, technology, child abuse, drug trafficking and abuse, architectural or environmental design are largely attributed to the current crime problems bedevilling Nigeria. The paper concluded that the urban centres in Nigeria are the engines of growth and development, premised on the fact that nearly half of the country’s total population resided in cities. The authors concluded that threats emanating from urban crime exert pressures on urban residents and means of livelihoods. In view of the above, the paper recommended that federal and state governments should immediately tackle widespread poverty and growing unemployment and inequality especially amongst the urban poor.
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: crimes
  topic: keywords
subject: environment
  topic: keywords
subject: urban area
  topic: keywords
subject: urbanization
  topic: keywords
subject: deprivation
  topic: keywords
subject: poverty
  topic: keywords
creator: OBASOHAN OMI JOSEPHINE
creator: Prof. D. U. IBE
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2026-02-26
publication date: 2026-02-26
doi: 10.5281/39vyt070

CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS ON THE CONDUCT OF HOSTILITIES AND CIVILIAN HARM MITIGATION UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW
type: item
description: Abstract Armed conflicts inevitably place civilians at risk, making the regulation of the conduct of hostilities under International Humanitarian Law crucial, more particularly, in exploring how Nigeria has approached these obligations in its counterinsurgency operations against Boko Haram and the Islamic State West Africa Province. The implication of the principles of distinction, proportionality, and precaution requiring armed forces to separating civilians from combatants, ensuring avoidance of excessive harm, as well as conducting feasible steps in protection of non-combatants. Furthermore, there are other legal duties, inclusive of emerging civilian harm mitigation practices such as collateral damage estimation, casualty tracking, and reparations. Against this backdrop, the authors argued the need for Nigeria to recognize the associated obligations in the midst of serious gaps in both law and practice. The paper therefore maintained that the incomplete domestication of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions, the difficulties of fighting asymmetrical warfare, limited access to advanced intelligence and technology, weak accountability mechanisms, and the absence of transparent reporting on civilian casualties remained glaringly inevitable. The authors concluded that these shortcomings remained the challenges which often-times continue to confront the protection of communities as well as promoting the erosion of public trust in conduct of military operations.
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: Hostilities
  topic: keywords
subject: Civilians
  topic: keywords
subject: Harm
  topic: keywords
subject: Mitigation
  topic: keywords
subject: Protection
  topic: keywords
subject: International Humanitarian Law
  topic: keywords
creator: Theresa Uzoamaka Akpoghome [Ph.D, B.L]
creator: Nkechinyere Huomachi Worluh-Okolie [Ph.D, B.L]
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2025-11-06
publication date: 2025-11-06
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18489865

CONTEMPORARY USE OF FORCE IN THE SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW
type: item
description: Abstract Traditionally, use of force in international law contains implicated notions. Use of force as a matter of fact, is generally prohibited. There are avalanche of international instruments that prohibit use of force, inclusive of the provisions on combined articles 2 (4) and (7) to the UN Charter. However, these instruments brooks of exceptions including self- defence, collective self-defence, self-determination, uniting for peace, and etcetera. Notwithstanding the above, use of force seems to have been subjected to novel disruption in international law, if regard is had to the recent US invasion of Venezuela, actively spear-headed by President Trump. Against this backdrop, the author argued that use of force can escalate tensions and lead to further violence, undermine diplomatic efforts, violates international law, create humanitarian crises, and destabilize regions. The paper therefore maintained that the global community is tended to strive better in the absence of non-use of force in the settlement of disputes in international law.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Martin Okonta [PhD B.L,]
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2025-11-06
publication date: 2025-11-06
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18489782

REVISITING CORPORATE LEGAL PERSONHOOD IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
type: item
description: The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) is and has been shaking traditional legal frameworks, necessitating a fresh look at the concept of corporate legal personhood. As AI-driven entities start to play a bigger role in complex decision-making within corporations, we are faced with important questions regarding accountability, liability, and whether AI systems should be seen as ‘legal persons.’ The authors critically revisit the doctrine of corporate legal personhood in light of the increasing integration of artificial intelligence into corporate operations. The objective is to assess if the current legal understanding of corporate personhood is adequate to address the rise of AI-driven decision-making and whether it needs to be updated to recognize the operational independence of intelligent systems. The authors argued that the traditional view of corporate legal personhood does not adequately address the challenges posed by AI-driven- decision making. The paper therefore maintained that as corporations increasingly delegate key decision-making roles to algorithms, stakeholders must strive to grapple with who represents the corporation, ascertain liability as well as rights and interests distributed within the corporate framework. The authors therefore concluded with a call for a more refined and nuanced understanding of corporate legal personhood, which would involve creating a liability, governance and regulatory framework that goes beyond the current model.
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: Corporation
  topic: keywords
subject: corporate legal personhood,
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: legal theory
  topic: keywords
subject: algorithmic decision-making
  topic: keywords
creator: Onyeka Christiana Aduma
creator: Oluoma C.P Obiaeli-Chidebe
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2025-11-06
publication date: 2025-11-06
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18489678

EVALUATING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE FACE OF ‘DEVELOPING CRITICAL VOICE IN LEGISLATION AND LEGAL PRINCIPLES’
type: item
description: Over the past few years, the legal profession has undergone rapid transformation due to the rise of artificial intelligence (AI), increasing restrictions on freedom of expression, and evolving global communication patterns. Likewise, nations around the globe have taken steps, including imposing legal restrictions that suppress the rule of law, making it difficult for legal professionals to develop independent critical voices. Furthermore, digital platforms, while offering newer and better opportunities for legal discourse, have been subjected to censorship, micro-management and strict and sometimes unconstitutional surveillance. It is in the light of the above that the paper argued the evolving challenges associated with artificial intelligence in developing critical voice in legislations and legal principles. Furthermore, the need to explore how the academic and legal education community can empower law students to critically engage with these challenges and actively shape the evolution of legal principles was evaluated. The author therefore maintained that Legal education resilience project, (a model event and research initiative assessing global academic responses to AI, censorship, and legal suppression and by implementing this initiative, the legal platform Worldwide) will operate to foster generations of lawyers equipped to challenge repressive legal frameworks and advocate for a more just legal order
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: censorship
  topic: keywords
subject: legal education
  topic: keywords
subject: legislations
  topic: keywords
subject: legal order
  topic: keywords
creator: Osamuede Moses Ogbomo [LL.M, B.L]
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2025-11-06
publication date: 2025-11-06
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18489473

AN APPRAISAL OF THE LAND USE ACT AND LAND ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA BETWEEN 1978 AND 2024
type: item
description: It is a basic fact that the economy of a country depends on land for its survival. This economic community survival instinct implicates making land in Nigeria available to all and to ensure that land is acquired and put to a proper use for the needed development. Governments, during and after colonial period, enacted the Land Use Act to govern the use or administration of land in Nigeria. There is no doubt that the land policy affects the economy of a nation either positively or negatively depending on how effectively the policy is implemented. An effective land policy is a sine-qua-non or precondition for the sustainability and management of land. The Land Use Act was enacted in 1978 with the aim of improving economic development by ensuring effective and equitable utilization of land and land resources in the country. The authors argue that notwithstanding the importance of management of land in Nigeria, the established administrative structure incidental to the Nigeria Land Use Act has been inconsistent and devoid of clarity of functions and purpose. The reason advanced in support of the above argument is that efforts aimed at achieving the desired objective has been hampered by two major obstacles. The first is the inherent contradictions and defects in the law and the second is institutional weakness and lack of political will to implement the Act fairly and equitably. In other words, the failure is ascribable to problems inherent in the Act and poor implementation. Consequent on the above, the paper maintained the need to critically examine the Nigerian Land Use Act of 1978, its impact on economic development and the inherent problems of the Act since its promulgation as well as the administrative structure under the Land Use Act, focusing on its effectiveness in light of the general principles and policy that motivated the promulgation of the Act. The authors therefore concluded on the need for legislative intervention targeted at reviewing the provisions of …
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: land administration
  topic: keywords
subject: legislative intervention
  topic: keywords
subject: economic development
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable development
  topic: keywords
subject: land usage
  topic: keywords
creator: Emmanuel Ikenwe
creator: Prof. Charity U Emaviwe [Ph.D, B.L]
creator: Professor Charles Ochem [Ph.D, B.L]
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2025-11-06
publication date: 2025-11-06
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18480393

ELECTORAL OFFENCES AND ENFORCEMENT OF ATTENDANT SANCTIONS IN NIGERIA
type: item
description: <p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.785rem; margin: 1.43rem 0px 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">There are various acts of commission or omissions criminalized under the Nigerian electoral laws. These acts of omission and commission are often-times, if not all time, suffer effort fatigue in the process of enforcement as well as incidental sanctions imposed against offenders. The constitutional guarantee of democracy in Nigeria as a state is somewhat intrinsically dependent on the electoral process. The electoral regime is critical to the development of the country’s democracy. However, the maintenance of the integrity of the electoral regime is often undermined by the prevalence of electoral offenses. It is against this backdrop, that the authors argued the need to unearth the crucial facets of electoral offenses and the attendant mechanism for enforcing sanctions. The paper therefore maintained that the nation’s legal framework has evolved various legislations to combat electoral offenses, particularly through the express criminalization of electoral misconducts as provided under the Electoral Act. Furthermore, it should be noted that the efficacious enforcement of imposed penal sanctions for the offenses has been weak, and often resulting in offenders’ escape from the law. The authors therefore concluded that illumination to the dynamics of electoral offenses require the will to identify the dire ne…
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: electoral offences
  topic: keywords
subject: sanctions
  topic: keywords
subject: constitution
  topic: keywords
subject: criminalization
  topic: keywords
subject: democratic development
  topic: keywords
creator: Abayomi Odunayo Akinfemiwa
creator: Joseph N Nwazi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2025-09-09
publication date: 2025-09-09
doi: 10.5281/0km38d28

REFLECTIONS ON PROVOCATION AS SPECIE OF DEFENCE TO CRIMINAL LIABILITY IN NIGERIA
type: item
description: <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">This paper examined the defence of provocation in Nigerian criminal law, exploring its application, limitations, and implications for criminal liability. Provocation is a partial defence that can reduce liability from murder to manslaughter, based on the idea that a person who kills in response to provocation may not have the same level of culpability as one who kills without justification. By adopting the doctrinal method of legal research, the paper analyses the Nigerian Penal Code and Criminal Code, highlighting the requirements for a successful provocation defence, including the nature of the provocation, the loss of self-control, and the proportionality of the response. It also discusses relevant case law and judicial interpretations, illustrating the challenges in applying this defence in practice. It concludes by arguing for a nuanced approach to provocation, balancing the need to acknowledge human frailty with the imperative of protecting human life. Finally, the paper recommend among other things, reforms to clarify and standardize the application of provocation, ensuring fairness and consistency in the administration of justice. <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14p…
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: provocation
  topic: keywords
subject: criminal liability
  topic: keywords
subject: defence
  topic: keywords
subject: human rights
  topic: keywords
subject: manslaughter
  topic: keywords
creator: Prof. Izevbuwa Osaretin George
creator: Eworitsemogha Anthony-Okoboh⃰ ⃰
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2025-09-09
publication date: 2025-09-09
doi: 10.5281/dxj6cr79

AN INVENTORY ON THE ROLE AND CHALLENGES OF THE EFCC IN THE FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION IN NIGERIA
type: item
description: <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">The Nigerian legislation has always favoured the jurisdiction of the Nigerian police in matters appertaining to crime and criminal investigations. However, the economic and global effect of cyber development has created crevice in the ordinary nature of crime and criminal activities, inclusive of crimes such as cybercrimes, economic and financial crimes, money laundering, and etcetera. Oftentimes and most times, the criminal activities concomitant to internet regime has operated to affect the economic and financial development of the country. Sadly enough, the threshold pillar harbouring the development of this new set of criminal activities remain the internet regime, which portends a negative impact on socio-economic development, international banking and financial growth. The sophistication associated with this trend requires a well-trained department conversant in information communication technology. This has given rise to the establishment of the economic and financial crimes commission. Consequent on the above, the author strived to unravel the role and challenges of the EFCC within the economy as well as in juxtaposition to the e-administration and e-governance developmental structure of the country. The paper therefore argued that arresting incidental criminal harvest and menaces associated with the internet regime required …
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: cybercrime
  topic: keywords
subject: criminal activities
  topic: keywords
subject: economic activities
  topic: keywords
subject: financial development
  topic: keywords
subject: development efforts
  topic: keywords
creator: Martin Okonta
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2025-09-09
publication date: 2025-09-09
doi: 10.5281/612sm559

URISTIC OVERVIEW OF THE COMMITTEE SYSTEM IN LEGISLATIVE PROCESS UNDER THE 1999 NIGERIAN CONSTITUTION
type: item
description: <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">The committee system is an indispensable component of the legislative process, functioning as a structural and procedural mechanism through which modern legislatures manage their complex and voluminous workloads. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the committee system, focusing on its evolution, typologies, functions, and significance in legislative governance. It explores how committees—classified broadly into standing, select, joint, and ad hoc committees—serve as the core units for the exhaustive examination of bills, detailed investigations of diverse issues, budget analysis, and executive oversight. By delegating responsibilities to specialized committees, legislative bodies are able to engage in more informed, efficient, and deliberative decision-making processes. The study pays particular attention to the Nigerian National Assembly and its committee system, analyzing its structure under the 1999 Constitution and its Rules of Procedure. It examines the allocation of committee leadership, the role of political party influence, and the impact of committee work on the passage and quality of legislation. While the committee system enhances legislative performance and accountability, the paper identifies key challenges undermining its effectiveness. These include political interference, duplication of roles, limited pub…
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: constitution
  topic: keywords
subject: committee system
  topic: keywords
subject: committee investigation
  topic: keywords
subject: legislative process
  topic: keywords
subject: oversight function
  topic: keywords
creator: U.E. OKOLOCHA
creator: DR. M.D. ALUKO
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2025-09-09
publication date: 2025-09-09
doi: 10.5281/zqn7y482

EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF RELIGION ON ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY IN NIGERIA
type: item
description: <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">This paper examined the substantial impact of religious beliefs on the governance of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) in Nigeria, where the religious landscape is heavily influenced by both Islam and Christianity, thereby shaping societal views, legal systems, and access to ART services. It examines how religious principles and interpretations influence the formulation and enforcement of ART regulations, often resulting in complex ethical and legal challenges. Through an analysis of religious texts, legal documents, and constitutional provisions, the study reveals the complex interrelationship between religious beliefs, cultural practices, and ART governance. It emphasizes the difficulties in reconciling religious freedom with individual rights and autonomy, especially where religious and secular laws overlap. Additionally, the research explores how religious views on ART affect access to services, frequently restricting choices for individuals and couples looking for fertility treatments. The findings of this paper highlight the necessity for a thoughtful and inclusive approach to ART governance in Nigeria, one that recognizes the influence of religion on societal perceptions while safeguarding individual rights and advancing public health. This study enhances understanding of the connections between religion, law, and healthc…
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: Assisted reproductive technology
  topic: keywords
subject: religious beliefs
  topic: keywords
subject: secular society
  topic: keywords
subject: regulation
  topic: keywords
creator: Arebamen Abibu Obadan
creator: Charity U. Emaviwe
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2025-09-09
publication date: 2025-09-09
doi: 10.5281/gcg93f21

CHALLENGES TO THE ‘COMMITTEE SYSTEM’ UNDER THE NIGERIAN PRESIDENTIAL AND BRITISH PARLIAMENTARY CONSTITUTIONS
type: item
description: <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">The committee system is an essential feature of modern legislatures, designed to manage complex law-making processes, facilitate oversight, and ensure the efficient performance of parliamentary functions. However, the effectiveness of committees varies significantly depending on the system of government in which they operate. This paper undertakes a comparative analysis of the challenges confronting the committee system under presidential and parliamentary constitutions of Nigeria and the United Kingdom, respectively. It is against this backdrop that the authors argued that institutional design, party discipline, executive-legislative relations, and political culture impact the autonomy, capacity, and effectiveness of legislative committees in each system. Furthermore, the presidential systems tend to allow for more committee independence due to a formal separation of powers, which often suffer from gridlock, partisanship, and executive interference, unlike parliamentary systems which benefits from greater party cohesion and legislative-executive alignment, notwithstanding its potential to experience excessive executive dominance and weakened committee autonomy. The authors maintained the inherent structural and functional challenges such as limited resources, weak enforcement of recommendations, politicisation of committee leadershi…
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: Good governance
  topic: keywords
subject: committee-system
  topic: keywords
subject: democracy
  topic: keywords
subject: legislative
  topic: keywords
subject: parliamentary system
  topic: keywords
subject: presidential system
  topic: keywords
creator: DR U.E. OKOLOCHA
creator: DR. M.D. ALUKO
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2025-09-09
publication date: 2025-09-09
doi: 10.5281/6ec72k20

CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF PLEA BARGAIN IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
type: item
description: <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">The Nigerian state being a hybrid and heterogeneous society reflected a peculiar legal system comprised of the received English laws as well as the Statutes of general application that was in force as at 1900, and furthermore, the customary and native laws operational within the southern part of Nigeria, and the Islamic law of the Maliki school applicable in the predominant Moslem North of the country. Consequent on the above, the legal history of the country Nigeria accommodated both the criminal and the penal codes serving both the Northern and Southern divides and reflected mostly the socio-cultural regimes common with regions. Having this as a background, the practice of plea bargain was introduced vide the provision of the Economic and Financial crimes commission. The authors therefore strived to reconcile the practice of plea bargain (introduced in 2004) in a secular and multicultural society, notwithstanding the fact that the customary and sharia laws of the various ethnic groups in Nigeria operating in the Northern and Southern regions is devoid of the concept of plea bargain. Significantly, the introduction and practice of plea bargain portends a challenge in operation against the traditional criminal justice system. The paper therefore maintained that the introduction and practice of plea bargain though a positive step, is …
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: criminal justice
  topic: keywords
subject: plea bargain
  topic: keywords
subject: administration of justice
  topic: keywords
subject: criminal
  topic: keywords
subject: corruption
  topic: keywords
creator: Martin Okonta
creator: Agidi, Pally Ejim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2025-07-04
publication date: 2025-07-04
doi: 10.5281/521qs810

SOCIO-POLITICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ELEMENTS THAT VITIATE INDUSTRIAL OIL SPILLAGE AND POLLUTION MANAGEMENT SCHEME IN NIGERIA
type: item
description: <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">Oil pollution, both in the air and land space, has over the years attracted serious problems on the use of the environment. This pollution manifested in water pollution through oil pipeline spillages with the attendant adverse effects on aquatic plants, animals and fishes in the water, contamination of crops and other forms of hazards on the ecosystem. By no stretch, stopping the oil industries from operation has been an impossible venture on the part of the Nigerian government, apparently due to the huge financial benefits accruing from transactions in crude oil which potentially supports the Nation’s economy. Consequent on the above, the Nigerian government resorted to redress and remedy the situation through enacting laws for the purpose of controlling or managing oil spillages within the air and land spaces of the Nigerian environment. Some of the frameworks include the Oil Spill Recovery, Clean-up, Remediation and Damage Assessment Regulations 2011; Oil Spill and Oil Waste Management Regulations 2011, National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (Establishment) Act 2006, Oil Pipelines Act 1965 and lots more. Managing oil pollution through these laws has not been easy due to environmental elements such as illegal oil bunkering, pipelines vandalism and corrupt practices of enforcement agencies. The authors therefore argued tha…
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: Environmental element
  topic: keywords
subject: Oil spillage
  topic: keywords
subject: pollution
  topic: keywords
subject: management ineptitude
  topic: keywords
subject: corruption
  topic: keywords
creator: Henry Awodezi
creator: Famous Izobo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2025-07-04
publication date: 2025-07-04
doi: 10.5281/vcfqn835

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AS SPECIE OF HUMAN RIGHT IN INTERNATIONAL LAW
type: item
description: <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">Reproductive health is a human right as well as ecological right. These rights are guaranteed through various International Instruments as well as local legislations. Prominent among these International Instruments are the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights, Convention for the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women, American Convention on Human Right, the African Charter on Human and People’s Right and etcetera. Reproductive health has constituted a serial problem in the global community, apparently due to ignorance on the efficacy of the genius ‘human rights’ as well as ‘religion-cultural’ inclinations and practices. It is observed that both males and females are victims of the reproductive failures which made them sad. The regime of Assisted Reproductive Technology has been a welcome development in rescuing the plights of childlessness in most couples. However, some religious practices remain vehemently opposed to the available remedies ushered by technology, which is perceived as a misnomer to natural conception. The author argued that legislative provisions of state parties be made compulsorily available to the citizenry in order to set them free from religious and cultural bondages opposed to alternative means of procreation. The paper therefore maintained that environmental degradati…
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: reproductive health
  topic: keywords
subject: human right
  topic: keywords
subject: religious and cultural practices
  topic: keywords
subject: procreation, infertility
  topic: keywords
creator: Lugard Amadin Emokpae
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2025-07-04
publication date: 2025-07-04
doi: 10.5281/0k6ynh40

LEGAL THRESHOLD IN THE BRAKING OF THE CARBON CURVE TO EFFECTIVE VEHICLE EMISSION REGULATION IN NIGERIA
type: item
description: <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">The Nigerian transport sector accounts for a significant share of carbon emissions. Studies show that this is a worldwide trend as transport accounts for approximately 14% of global greenhouse gas emission. The major sources of this disturbing phenomenon are emissions emanating from motor vehicle exhaust. These emissions pose health and environmental challenges on a daily basis. Given this effect, carbon reduction strategies have become increasingly imperative. Nigeria has made little but adequate provisions to curb this problem. Research shows that despite the adequacy of these provisions, the problem persists. The authors therefore examined relevant legal provisions on the control of automobile emission and argued for the need to harvest legislative and regulatory framework aimed at containing the shortcomings in vehicle emission regulations. The paper revealed significant gaps like weak enforcement and institutional overlaps. The authors therefore maintained that the problem of vehicular emissions required an effective and comprehensive reform strategy, capable of embracing the establishment of a centralized body to oversee vehicular emission regulations in Nigeria. The paper recommended that by addressing identified barriers Nigerian can significantly reduce her carbon footprint, thereby halting the brakes in the Nigerian carbon …
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: carbon reduction
  topic: keywords
subject: vehicle emissions
  topic: keywords
subject: health hazards
  topic: keywords
subject: reform strategy
  topic: keywords
subject: carbon curve
  topic: keywords
creator: Ayeoritsesan Omolayo Obadiah
creator: Jacob Osariemen Abusomwan
creator: Joseph Nzute Nwazi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2025-07-04
publication date: 2025-07-04
doi: 10.5281/yg6t5d45

LEGAL, ADMINISTRATIVE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGES IN REGULATION OF LAND USE RIGHT IN NIGERIA
type: item
description: <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">It is an axiomatic fact that the ever increasing population in urban areas in Nigeria has negatively impacted on land space and invariably, land use rights. Increase by way of population growth and routine migration to urban areas has continued to exert population pressure, and impacts negatively on socio-economic growth involving transfer of land use rights. Land use right has a sharp increase tendency in Nigerian cities, affecting the methods of land use rights as well as the management and regulation of land, which has always been at the core of national development, urban planning, real estate development, and environmental management. Against this backdrop, the authors argued the need for the regulation of the transfer of land use right in order to harvest the concomitant economic developments. The paper maintained that government has paid great attention to management and regulation of land through series of legislations and regulations, right from colonial times with the aim of achieving maximum use and regulation of land space through granting access to use of land, which for instance, promoted initiatives aimed at increased transparency, a clear legal framework and competent institutions to ensure maximum benefit to the people, in the grant of land use right, including the subsisting Land Use Act 1978.
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: and management
  topic: keywords
subject: land use right
  topic: keywords
subject: deemed grant
  topic: keywords
subject: urban planning
  topic: keywords
subject: socio-economic growth
  topic: keywords
creator: Ohiosumuan Kelly Esechie
creator: Anya Kingsley Anya
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2025-07-04
publication date: 2025-07-04
doi: 10.5281/t45v2p88

LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF PLEA BARGAIN IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN NIGERIA
type: item
description: <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">The issue of delay in the administration of criminal justice has been a deep seated one, premised on the fact that ‘justice,’ is not a one way traffic, it is not even a two way traffic, it is a three way traffic, justice, for the accused, justice for the victim and justice for the society at large. The search for justice is as old as the existence of man. Society all over the world had at one time or the other, designed models of public justice to attain criminal justice. But a full proof model of criminal justice till date has remained illusory. By no stretch, pragmatic legislators developed the instrument of plea bargain in the attainment of criminal justice. Plea bargain is generally an agreement in a criminal trial in which a prosecutor and an accused person arrange to settle the case against the accused usually in exchange for concession by pleading guilty to the crimes. The paper therefore traced a countervailing consideration behind the articulation by judges, legislators and law reformers in adopting plea bargain in the administration of criminal justice in Nigeria. The doctrinal method of legal research was adopted, which included primary and secondary sources. The research also carried out a comparative analysis of plea bargain in Nigeria and some selected jurisdictions particularly America and proffered suggestions to rein…
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: criminal justice
  topic: keywords
subject: plea bargain
  topic: keywords
subject: crime
  topic: keywords
subject: corruption
  topic: keywords
subject: court
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr Martin Okonta
creator: Anya Kingsley Anya
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2025-07-04
publication date: 2025-07-04
doi: 10.5281/fqavxw56

THE ROLE OF VOLUNTARY CONSUMERS ASSOCIATIONS IN THE ENFORCEMENT OF CONSUMER PROTECTION LAWS IN NIGERIA
type: item
description: <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">Protecting the consumers of goods and service has become a central issue of concern in many countries of the world, more than, it has ever been. The upsurge of attention in this issue could be ascribed to a number of factors which includes, but not limited to, upsurge in the rates of fake and substandard products and services offered in the market and the resultant health and life-threatening challenges it poses for man. The complex nature of plethora of problems has made the perception of consumers’ to be difficult; for instance, the entirely new dimension of trade malpractices, information asymmetry, and power imbalance between the consumer and manufacturer, and suppliers of products and services. This is made even more difficult as a result of the complex nature of modern products occasioned by the use and adoption of advanced technology, the disadvantaged position of the large majority of consumers <em style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-s…
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: voluntary consumers association
  topic: keywords
subject: consumerism
  topic: keywords
subject: manufacturers/producers
  topic: keywords
subject: suppliers
  topic: keywords
subject: fake and substandard
  topic: keywords
creator: Akatugba Akpoviri Michael
creator: Lilian Ifeoma Okere
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2025-05-02
publication date: 2025-05-02
doi: 10.5281/vr252292

THE NEED FOR REFORMS ASSOCIATED WITH PROBLEMS IN DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE UNDER THE NIGERIAN MARRIAGE ACT
type: item
description: <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">Before 1970, the Nigerian divorce legislation followed the matrimonial offence theory, which was influenced by English Matrimonial Cause Laws. With respect to this theory, a marriage could only be terminated if a spouse-party committed a matrimonial offence such as adultery, cruelty, or desertion. This concept however faced consistent criticism from scholars and jurists who argued that the theory emphasized assignment of blame rather than addressing the underlying causes of marital breakdown. Critics undeniably considered matrimonial offences as indications rather than the actual reasons for marital problems. Nevertheless, a significant shift occurred with the enactment of the Act, introducing the breakdown principle, which permits either party to seek divorce based on the irretrievable breakdown of the marriage. This paradigmatic shift streamlined the divorce procedure, removing the necessity to prove specific matrimonial offences for obtaining a divorce. Flowing from the above, the paper argued the need to appreciate the inherent problems associated with the process of obtaining a divorce under the Nigerian Marriage Act as well as the aftermath effects. The author maintained that there is a structured procedure for the dissolution of marriages, with inherent notable complexities and gaps that negatively or positively impact impleme…
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: dissolution of marriage
  topic: keywords
subject: matrimonial cause
  topic: keywords
subject: divorce proceedings
  topic: keywords
subject: petition
  topic: keywords
subject: irretrievable breakdown
  topic: keywords
creator: Jacob Osariemen Abusomwan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2025-05-02
publication date: 2025-05-02
doi: 10.5281/zzewvq75

ESTABLISHING LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON INTERNAL DEMOCRACY IN POLITICAL PARTIES IN NIGERIA
type: item
description: <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">It is an axiomatic fact in Nigeria that political parties specifically constitute the only harbinger and/or platform operating as a threshold for harvesting nomination and sponsorship of candidates for elective positions. As a matter of fact, political parties advance the process of recruitment of political elites as well as simultaneously mobilize the electorates for elections. The ultimate role in this chain is that political parties assume the task of providing governance to the people. Consequent on the above, the authors explored the legal framework regulating political parties and the provision of crucial tendencies of inclusivity, intra-party dynamics, leadership structure, external influences, and the judiciary as they impact the enthronement of internal party democracy. The paper therefore, detailed the fundamental nature of political parties and juxtaposed these parties with the routine operation of attendant intricacies of ensuring internal party democracy. The authors therefore maintained the need for a multifaceted landscape with robust legal provisions under the Nigerian electoral laws, notwithstanding the fact that these regulatory provisions suffered insufficient implementation, adherence, and deficit enforcement. The paper concluded that the enthronement of internal party democracy continues to face various challenge…
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: political parties
  topic: keywords
subject: democratisation
  topic: keywords
subject: internal party democracy
  topic: keywords
subject: justice
  topic: keywords
subject: good governance
  topic: keywords
creator: Abayomi Odunayo Akinfemiwa
creator: Joseph Nzute Nwazi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2025-05-02
publication date: 2025-05-02
doi: 10.5281/qdn1eb82

QUEST FOR THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF A CONVICT IN CRIMINAL CAUSES INVOLVING DEATH PENALTY IN NIGERIA
type: item
description: <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">Laws are no doubt backed by sanctions, therefore, any breach of the law attract penalties. In criminal causes convicted and sentenced criminals are made to suffer for the crime they committed. Death penalty is prescribed for capital offences such as murder, armed robbery, terrorism, kidnapping among others. There have been raging arguments across the globe for and against the imposition of death penalty. The protagonists of death penalty posit that there is the need for retribution for a crime committed and that the death penalty deters and prevents other criminals from committing crimes and as such death penalty should be abrogated. On the other hand, the antagonists are of the utmost opinion that death penalty should be abolished sequel to the fact that it is against the right to life; it is inhuman and immoral to kill intentionally; it is demeaning and has not in any way deterred or prevented crimes. The doctrinal research methodology was adopted in this work, and the findings revealed that the arguments canvassed by both the protagonists and the antagonists of death penalty are germane. The authors concluded however, that having regards to the raging confrontations and contestations, it has become pertinent that death penalty should be abrogated and replaced with life imprisonment. The paper therefore maintained that a moratorium…
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: death penalty
  topic: keywords
subject: crimes
  topic: keywords
subject: protagonist
  topic: keywords
subject: culpable homicide
  topic: keywords
subject: rights
  topic: keywords
creator: Samuel Ugbo
creator: Egondu Grace Ikeatu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2025-05-02
publication date: 2025-05-02
doi: 10.5281/d2xyjm05

UTILIZING LEGISLATIVE INTERVENTION TO PROMOTE ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY IN NIGERIA
type: item
description: <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">Assisted Reproductive Technologies is a process aimed at facilitating procreation devoid of physical sexual intercourse between the male and female partners. The procedure is medically designed to assist infertile couples to achieve conception and bear children, notwithstanding the problem of infertility. There are different methods of ART. However, each depends on the causes of the infertility as determined through clinical diagnosis. Generally, ART involves the manipulation of human sperm and ovum outside the woman’s body to facilitate fertilization and conception. It is against this background that the authors canvassed for a specific legislative intervention in the application of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) in Nigeria. The authors further argued for the use of assisted reproductive technology to achieve conception in the face of condition of subsisting infertility which has introduced several emerging issues that require legislative intervention. The paper noted that while several countries have taken deliberate actions to establish legal and ethical guidelines to regulate ART, Nigeria has failed to do so despite the relatively long duration of the practice in the country. The paper maintained that the development of binding and enforceable legal norms is fundamental to entrenching transparency, accountability, and qua…
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: Reproductive technology
  topic: keywords
subject: fertile and infertile couples
  topic: keywords
subject: genetics disorders
  topic: keywords
subject: pr-implantation diagnosis
  topic: keywords
subject: medical regulation
  topic: keywords
creator: Arebamen Abibu Obadan⃰ ⃰
creator: Charity U. Emaviwe
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2025-05-02
publication date: 2025-05-02
doi: 10.5281/wkm8an43

RESOLUTION OF BOUNDARY AND NAME DISPUTES UNDER THE UN CONVENTION ON LAW OF THE SEA
type: item
description: <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">Maritime Boundary is a conceptual division of the earth’s water surface areas using physiographic or geopolitical criteria. It usually bounds areas of exclusive national rights over mineral and biological resources. The power of a State over its territory is not limited to the terrestrial area but extends also to the sea area adjacent to it therefore maritime boundary are very important. As states formed, developed, and expanded, the need to define and uphold maritime boundaries became increasingly relevant, in order to avoid unnecessary maritime boundary disputes. Notwithstanding the fact that disputes are inevitable in the international community, there was need for the UNCLOS to regulate transactions of states in the seas. These international law efforts subsisted in regulating maritime transactions. It is against this background that the authors argued whether unilateral declaration by the President of the US changing the name of Gulf of Mexico to Gulf of America constitutes a maritime boundary disputes notwithstanding the fact the declaration related only to change of name but not contentions relating to a portion of sea, sea-bed, or even marine resources. The paper therefore maintained that there was research ‘evidence gap’ supporting the traditional claims of states to marine environments bearing names derivative of the coasta…
subject: Law
  topic: section
subject: maritime
  topic: keywords
subject: marine environment
  topic: keywords
subject: coastal states
  topic: keywords
subject: boundary dispute
  topic: keywords
subject: law of the sea
  topic: keywords
creator: Esther C. Anya
creator: Professor Anya Kingsley Anya
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 KB Scholars Journal, UK
date: 2025-03-01
publication date: 2025-03-01